(a) `(p + q)^2 = p^2 + q^2`
(b) `p^2 – q^2 = (p – q)^2`
(c) `p^2 – q^2 = p^2 + 2pq – q^2`
(d) `(p + q)^2 = p^2 + 2pq + q^2`